A 35-Year Journey in Information Retrieval, from Defense Networks to AI Overviews and Beyond
Search has been my life’s work. From building latent semantic indexing (LSI) platforms in the 1990s to advising enterprise brands on AI-driven SEO today, I have watched the industry evolve from brittle keyword matching to nuanced, intent-aware experiences. The shift did not happen overnight, and, contrary to popular headlines, classic SEO never lost relevance.
Below, I chronicle that evolution through the lens of Engenium’s defense-grade deployments, Google’s semantic milestones, and today’s vector-powered landscape, while mapping each step to the SEO practices that still move the visibility needle.
My Roots in Conceptual Search
In 1998 I co-founded Engenium, determined to solve a problem I first noticed while leading knowledge-management projects at KPMG: auditors could not find critical documents because the right words never appeared in the text. Our answer was LSI coupled with vector-based retrieval, which converted documents and queries into dense mathematical vectors and compared them by cosine similarity.
- Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) captured hidden relationships between terms, surfacing documents that were contextually, but not lexically, related.
- Vector retrieval let us compute similarity in a reduced-dimensional space, enabling sub-second search across millions of records on 1990s hardware.
By 2004, Engenium powered discovery in electronic-discovery suites, HR applicant-tracking systems, and the U.S. Defense Messaging System (DMS), the secure backbone used by most three-letter agencies. That defense-grade provenance proved invaluable when vendors questioned whether “semantic” techniques were production-ready.
Engenium Deployment | Use Case | Scale & Impact |
U.S. Defense Messaging System | Secure organizational messaging; triage of classified traffic | Millions of messages/day routed with LSI vectors for rapid entity disambiguation |
Major e-Discovery Platforms | Conceptual clustering of custodial data | Cut attorney review time by 30% through near-duplicate detection |
Fortune-100 Applicant-Tracking Systems | Resume–job spec matching | Raised qualified-candidate recall by 22% without extra recruiters |
The Internet Catches Up: From Strings to Things
While Engenium scaled inside the firewall, public-web search slowly embraced semantics. Google’s landmark updates mapped almost one-for-one to concepts we had deployed years earlier.
Year | Google Milestone | Semantic Capability | Relevance to Engenium Concepts |
2012 | Knowledge Graph | Entity recognition & graph links | Mirrored our vector clustering of entities in DMS traffic |
2013 | Hummingbird | Full-query context, not token match | Echoed LSI’s holistic document vectors |
2015 | RankBrain | Online learning vectors | Public validation of vector similarity, our core |
2018 | BERT | Bidirectional contextual embeddings | Industrial-scale successor to Engenium’s SVD vectors |
2021 | MUM | Multimodal, multilingual reasoning | Extends vector search beyond text, the next frontier |
These evolutions proved a simple truth: meaning beats matching. Yet each leap also raised the bar for content quality and technical hygiene, domains traditionally owned by SEO.
How Modern Semantic Search Actually Works
- Embeddings Replace Exact Terms: Every sentence, image, or table is encoded into a high-dimensional vector. Cosine or Euclidean distance reveals semantic similarity even when no keywords overlap.
- Chunking Preserves Context: Large pages are sliced into overlapping “chunks” big enough to capture meaning but small enough for precise retrieval.
- Vector Indexes Power Retrieval: Approximate-nearest-neighbor (ANN) algorithms like HNSW search billions of embeddings in milliseconds, an efficiency jump I wish we had in 1999.
- Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Adds Freshness: A language model consults a vector index at query time, pulling up-to-date passages before drafting an answer. RAG mitigates the knowledge-cutoff problem that static LLMs face.
- Internal Linking & Schema Complete the Picture: Bots still crawl HTML first. Clear anchor text, topic clusters, and schema markup expose entity relationships so embeddings have richer inputs.
Why SEO Still Matters, Even in a Vector World
Search engines may embed content as numbers, but they still discover, crawl, and rank URLs. Good SEO ensures those URLs are:
- Crawlable & Indexed – A vector you never fetch is a vector you never rank.
- Topically Comprehensive – Pillar pages and cluster content feed embedding models diverse contexts, boosting recall.
- Structured & Trustworthy – Schema, E-E-A-T signals, and authoritative backlinks anchor vectors to proven entities.
- Fast & Mobile-Friendly – Latency degrades both user satisfaction and crawl budgets; core web vitals remain ranking factors.
Semantic SEO Pillar | Purpose | Practical Tactic |
Topic Clusters | Consolidate authority across related queries | Link every cluster article back to its pillar with descriptive anchors |
Schema Markup | Provide explicit entity hints | Use Article, Organization, and FAQ schema across pages |
Vector-Friendly Content Structure | Enable precise chunking & indexing | Keep headers descriptive; limit section length to 300-500 words |
Internal Linking | Reinforce concept hierarchies | Map anchor text to entities, not just keywords |
Continuous Refresh | Maintain embedding relevance | Review & update evergreen posts every 6 months |
Lessons From 35 Years in the Search Trenches
- Defense-grade reliability breeds commercial trust. If vectors can sort classified cables, they can sort cat memes.
- Algorithms change; user intent does not. Whether via SVD or transformers, searchers want fast, accurate answers.
- SEO is the hygiene layer for semantic search. Great embeddings on uncrawlable pages are invisible.
- Context is the real currency. The richer your content graph, the clearer your relevance signal.
- Hybrid is the future. Expect lexical filters plus semantic recall plus generative summarization in a single SERP.
Action Plan for Brands in 2025
- Audit internal links to ensure every strategic page is less than or equal to three clicks from the home page, my favorite low-effort ranking win.
- Convert FAQ PDFs into HTML with schema so vectors can ingest the text.
- Adopt a vector database (e.g., Weaviate, Pinecone) for on-site search to match Google-level relevance.
- Refresh pillar pages with 2025 statistics and cite authoritative sources directly, RAG systems love fresh numbers.
- Measure semantic coverage by analyzing embeddings overlap with competitor content; fill the gaps.
Closing Thoughts
I often joke that AI search is “back to the future.” The vectors, chunks, and entity graphs dominating headlines are refinements of techniques Engenium shipped decades ago. The difference today is scale, and the fact that every marketer can now harness those capabilities without a PhD in linear algebra.
Yet one constant endures: findability requires strategy. Whether you call it SEO, discoverability, or search-experience optimization, the craft of shaping content for humans and machines remains vital. Invest in that craft, and your brand will thrive no matter how many dimensions the next vector space adds.